Researchers intensively compare dialects to reveal both universal pragmatic tendencies and locale-specific norms, focusing on indirectness, refusals, politeness ideologies, and discourse-marker use across Peninsular, Mexican, Uruguayan, and Dominican Spanish. The syntax–discourse interface is examined through presentational focus, mood realization, and temporal grammar across varieties, employing experimental, corpus-based, and variationist methods. Longitudinal L2 pragmatics studies in study abroad and classroom settings illuminate pragmatic growth, service encounters, and pedagogical interventions, complemented by quantitative approaches such as Bayesian analyses of subject expression in L2 Spanish. Meta-pragmatics and discourse-analytic work tie politeness, evidentials, and discourse markers to social context, guiding pragmatic instruction and cross-variety understanding. Historical Significance: The period consolidates a unified cross-variety pragmatics program, establishing robust cross-dialect benchmarks for Spanish and showing how sociolinguistic variation shapes practical discourse across contexts. It records methodological innovations—combining experimental data, corpus evidence, and variationist analysis with longitudinal L2 data—to advance theory on how scalar implicature, indeterminacy in tense-aspect, and discourse-pragmatic strategies operate in everyday speech. The work on pragmatics pedagogy influences teaching approaches for both native and learner Spanish, and the integration of L2 longitudinal data into classroom practice becomes a lasting standard.